People of different races, immigrate to a different country Essay

What are the feelings of those exiles? Many people immigrate out of their country of origin to a different country everday. Whilst some may feel excited at the prospect of discovering a new World, others may feel alienated and strange about their new environment. In the poems ‘Search for my Tongue’ and ‘Island Man’, the poets Sujata Bhatt and Grace Nichols talk about their feelings towards immigration and what they felt when they experienced a great change of culture and environment in their lifes. This essay will analyse how both poets make their feelings apparent throughout their poems. The first poem is Grace Nichols’ ‘Island Man’, her use of colours can show what she feels about both the Carribean and London. Nichols uses colour to reflect Island mans feelings in the poem ; she uses the words ‘dull’ and ‘grey’ to describe London. But in contrast she calls the Carribean Island Mans ‘small emerald island’, to show how precious the island is to Island Man, like an actual emerald diamond. She compares Island Mans life in London with his life in the Carribean. She also makes clear where Island Man would rather be. This is shown through Nichols’s choice of words ‘ defiantly’ and ‘heaves’. It suggests the difficulty in which Island Man has to drag himself out of Bed after dreaming about his Homeland. How angry he feels when the ‘sun surfaces defiantly’ to disturb his dreams. Another word that proofs shows how Island Man feels about london is ‘another’, its is used in the context that it suggests a never ending chain of days which are routine to Island Man. It aslo suggests a growing sense of boredom Island Man feels with his daily ‘dull’ and ‘gray’ surrounds. These colours bring up an image of grey concrete floors, a ‘surge of wheels’, a metaphor which refers to the small compact cars of today in the ‘grey metallic soar’, another metaphor used to describe Londons futuristicness. Nichols also used repetition on the words ‘come back’ to add emphasis on how island man always returns to the harsh reality of London. The effect Nichols is trying to create of her imagery of both ther Carribean are so that she can illustrate an image of London and an image of the Carribean, in which the differences are greater than the personalities. The Carribean is described as the ideal place to live, quiet fishermen ‘going out to sea’ the sounds of ‘wild seabirds’ and the sound of the gentle ‘breaking and wombing’ of the sea in his head. Usually, for many people the sounds of steady sea is associated with calmness and serenenity, relaxing and quiet. It is apparent which Island Man would choose. When the image contrasts are that of a ‘dull’ and depressing London Day surrounded by more ‘dull’ and ‘grey’ concrete buildings, and the bright and beautiful Caribbean Island, it is clear that Island Man, and therefore Nichols prefers the Carribean, and feels happier living in the Carribean. Another poem in which the theme of immigration, culture and identity is apparent is the poem written by Sujata Bhatt, ‘Search for my tongue’. In this Poem, Bhatt spoke of her struggle to fit in, in her new Home in America. She also speaks of her fear of losing her roots in India. ‘Search for my tongue’ is a personal and emotional poem about losing ones language and identity. It is about her own experience and her initial grief of having lost a part of herself that was a key of who she saw herself. In the first part of the poem, the writer explores the idea of having two tongues in your mouth. The word ‘tongue’ can refer to both the body organ which we use for speech, and the language we speak with it. She includes this ambiguous word in her title, suggesting that she lost her ability to talk the language she used before her arrival in the new country. ‘I ask you, what you would do if you had two tongues in your mouth’ is used to include the reader in her poem, to make the reader feel empathetic of her situation. She talks about how problems arise when speaking her mother tongue in an environment where the ‘foreign tongue’ is used so frequently that the mother tongue will ‘rot and die in your mouth’ from no use. The third part of the poem is an extended metaphor, written in Gujurati. This can be to show how hard it is living in a country where you couldnt speak or read the language. She uses the words ‘rot’, ‘die’ and ‘spit’ frequently, to emphasise how negative Bhatt felt about having lost her ‘tongue’. Bhatt uses these strong words to show the strong feelings of loss she felt at that time of identity crisis. She also adds an anglicised transcript to indicate sounds of the gujurati words, to help you read it. It also shows how the two ‘tongues’ are different. Which adds more emphasis on how Bhatt felt because it shows the great difference between the languages. This explains what she ment when she had said ‘ you could not use both of them together even if you thought that way.’, because their difference would make it hard for people to speak both languages together. The last part of the poem is by far the most interesting part, it is the part where Bhatt describes her dream in which her mother tongue ‘buds out of her mouth’ and ‘pushes the other tongue aside’. This fact is also supported as the Gujurati is positioned at the core with English either side of it. This demonstrates that the English and Gujurati language are able to function together in the poem, and therefore are able to function together in her life. She put the Gujurati language in the core of the Poem to show that it is the center of her culture, and as if the gujurati really did push the english language ‘aside’. She did this show that both tongues can work together, contradicting her earlier statement about how they couldnt work together ‘even if you thought that way’. As Bhatt describes rediscovering her lost tongue, feelings of Joy are very apparent. She describes her tongue to ‘bud’ out of her mouth, like a Flower, she talks about how it ‘grows strong veins’ that will help it implant itself in her mouth. Her mother ‘tongue ‘blossoms’ out of her mouth, after re-growing from a stump. Her ending, ‘Everytime I think I’ve forgotten, I think I’ve lost the mother tongue, it blossoms out of my mouth’, leaves a positive imprint on the readers minds, because at the end, she did find that even when she felt she was losing herself, she knew she can never really forget her culture. As comparison to both, in each poem, alienation and cultural identity is the main theme. Both poets use startling imagery to illustrate their point and get their feelings across. In ‘Island Man’ Nichols talks about how he seems to dream of his ‘small emerald island’, and in ‘Search for my Tongue’, Bhatt discovers her true culture is brought alive in her dreams. This suggests that even though both writers felt that they have lost their culture completley, in their subconscious dreams it always returns. The similarities occur in both poems. To conclude, both Bhatt and Nichols have clearly shown their feelings about immigration and about their new and strange surroundings they have to live in, and how they have to change to adapt to them. This change ment to Bhatt that her mother tongue slowly dwindles until she feels she cant speak it anymore. Nichols’ Island Man being forced to spent his live in a country he doesnt like, after dreaming of his homeland the Carribean. In my opinion, both poets semi-autobiographies tell alot about all the negative feelings people may harbour towards immigration. Since such a big part of this Country has at some point of their or their Parents live have lived in a whole different country. It shows the people who have lived here all their life how it felt to lose something so precious, it is described a ‘tongue’ in Bhatts poem and an ’emerald’ in Nichols’s. The themes of cultural and personal identity were apparent throughout both poems and both poets had put their feelings across for the reader to understand. The idea of identity crisis is also beautifully potrayed by both writers, and in the end the motive of the poems was put across to show the reader how it really feels to lose something that identifies you with yourself.

The Wish English

A young boy, full of imagination and new exciting adventures, is the protagonist of the story â€Å"The Wish. † This story was written by the author Roald Dahl, a well-known author that has also written the stories, â€Å"The BFG†, â€Å"Matilda† and, â€Å"James and the Giant Peach,† Children have minds packed with creativity, everything is an adventure. For this young boy, he becomes wildly engulfed in his imagination each day. Some characteristics of the boy include that he is incredibly imaginative, and he has a lot of ambition. What else can be said to be a characteristic of the boy is that can seem to be foolish, and he also is very lonely.On this particular day of adventures, the boy becomes quite lost in his creativity. The result of this is that his new quest turns into a dire situation of getting a puppy, or falling into the depths of the red, black, and yellow carpet. The imagination of the boy is one of his key characteristics. He even makes pi cking a scab into a special exciting challenge. â€Å"A scab was always a fascinating thing; it presented a special challenge he was never able to resist. † After picking the scab he continues with another adventure that includes the colorful carpet.I believe that imagination is a great thing to have in life, but to much can have many consequences. Something continuously expressed by the boy are the lines, â€Å"I must† and, â€Å"I will. † This shows that he is extremely ambitious and motivated. An example of this would be, â€Å"What I must do is this: I must walk all the way along it to the front door without touching them. † Of course, with such an imaginative mind, this boy seems slightly foolish. As he talks to the carpet and holds his breath with each step, the usual person would probably think that this child is making a fool of himself.He yelled at the carpet with enthusiasm, â€Å"I’m not touching you! You mustn’t bite me! You kno w, I’m not touching you! Another characterization of the boy would be that he seems lonely. The boy thought, â€Å"For someone who had only yesterday triumphantly traveled the whole length of the brick path from the stables to the summerhouse without touching the cracks, this carpet thing should not be too difficult. † This thought shows that the boy is having adventures like this everyday; he doesn’t have another child or sibling to play with. The boy is also wishing that he would be given a puppy for his birthday, maybe this is because of his loneliness.He just wishes for some company. With such characteristics in a young boy, he seems like quite the interesting kid. He is described greatly between the lines of the short story. The boy doesn’t change throughout the adventure, he is mostly unaffected by the events. Although I am not sure about what had happened to this young boy and the carpet, I am wishing the story had presented more towards the conclu sion. Not only am I wanting more and constantly wondering what actually happened to the boy, but also I’m glad the story had ended the way it did.

Do Managers Need to Develop Concrete Skills in the Political Analysis Essay

Do Managers Need to Develop Concrete Skills in the Political Analysis of Organizations - Essay Example As the discussion outlines the political analysis of the organization literally dissects the different mechanisms through which it takes care of the deliverables that essentially emanate from the organizational stronghold, and for the sake of the common men and women on the street. The managers need to find the best possible ways through which they can present the alleviated stance of the organization. This is done so that the organization understands the needs and requirements of the public, for which it exists in essence. The managers act as the representatives of the organization and hence the face of its varied business entities. Whatever these managers do in the long run signifies the very basis of growth and development, for the sake of the organization. The company’s political position is thus dependent on the way these managers present the real picture as well as give a charter for the things to shape up in the future. This paper discusses the implications of the manag ers as they develop the required skills within the political analyses of the organizational values and principles. From this paper, it is clear that first it is found out as to why the political analysis of the organization is deemed as significant in the time and age of today. The reason for this is that the political analysis gives a good measure of the strengths that exist within the organization and the opportunities that it could touch upon in the future. It can also establish its very basis within the industrial domains and tell the relevant players in the industry that this organization means business just like them. It can easily outline the areas where the organization wishes to emphasize these strengths and create the much-needed difference. So basically what this political analysis does is to create a clear-cut basis for the organization, both from a short-term perspective as well as in the long run scheme of things.

Operative Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operative Management - Term Paper Example Rigsby and Guy Greco, 2003) Sam Walton, the founder of Wal- Mart had a clear vision to establish Wal- Mart as the best retail store in the industry. The mission of Wal Mart was simple, easy to explain to those responsible for its achievement, and straightforward that left nothing to the imagination. The goal of the Sam was not the biggest retailer but the best retailer in the industry. Wal- Mart was equipped with certain basic values to attain its straightforward mission. These values are the ability to merchandise, creating innovative retailing ideas, best store operations, cost control, technologies, customer services, distribution, and establishing a culture as a retailer. The reason for such a phenomenal success as the best retailer in the word is to pursue the business with these pre-established values. Wal- Mart translated these values into its retail practices and achieved the best results. Wal- Mart executed its strategies by developing the skill of managers in areas of communication, motivating junior staff, team development through training, establishing standards for customer service, and fixing responsibility and accountability. Wal- Mart used one of the basic theories of management called ‘theory of motivation’. Theory of motivation seeks to persuade efforts from management to encourage employees. Sam Walton, the founder of Wal- Mart, used to visit his stores and meet employees at different levels of activities. He used to carry a tape recorder and treated it as his ‘tool of empowerment’. He used to tape his conversations with employees and later listened to those recordings for devising means to create motivation among his workforce. He was first in the industry to call his work as his ‘associate’. Addressing an employee as an ‘associate’ of the management is enough to instill in employees a sense of responsibility at par with ownership.

An evaluation of contemporary leadership and governance challenges Research Paper

An evaluation of contemporary leadership and governance challenges among universities in Africa - Research Paper Example The study incorporates the university management, teaching staff and the workers together with students both of whom are actively involved in the whole process of research. The results of empirical investigation reveal numerous challenges in university leadership and governance most of which arise from improper financial management coupled with lack of vision. Other leadership and governance challenges arise from union and labour agitations, mismanagement of resources, human resource cum faculty motivation and productivity, leadership among the academic staff, corporate governance and the quality of their graduates. Analysis of the challenges strongly indicates that the environment in which these universities operate which tend to nurture and accommodate such vices possibly causes these challenges. This is manifested in various reasons manifested by university management for their lack of progress. It is therefore apparent that university leadership and management are not up to the c hallenges facing them and that they are not fully aware of their roles and responsibilities. This is because the possible cause of these challenges lies in the specialist nature of their leadership and governance, which is in them. ... ion The issue of leadership in the Centre of management of educational institutions is important in human resources and development since it covers all aspects of the organization. Leadership and governance is concerned with the execution of policies and decisions which determine whether an organization achieve its goals or not. The leadership and governance of the universities enjoys the status of dominance and prestige due to their ability to control and initiate development policies. African Universities’ governance is faced with challenges that have led to their slow growth and development over the decades compared to their counterparts in other continents. Several efforts have been put in place by respective governments and concerned bodies to improve on their status but it seems they have fallen short of intended outcomes. Several attempts have been made aimed at training and capacity building for the university leadership but challenges are still being witnessed on larg e scale. Basic among the governance challenges is the capacity to govern which is evident in most of the department within the university administration. This lack of capacity may result from lack of effective training of the workers and other university leaders before they commence their duties. Lack of effective training before and during the employment period is blamed to be the result of poor leadership and governance in the African universities. The politicized nature of most African states often results to university management being political appointees with less regards to qualifications in terms of education and integrity of the selected leaders. Financial challenge is real in most of the African universities due to little funding they receive form the government and other donor

Hamilton Federalists 16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hamilton Federalists 16 - Essay Example By so doing the government not only controls what states do but also what the individuals do. If the federal laws apply to individuals, then punishment on wrong doing will be subsidized as well as the activities in the country (Hamilton, Madison, Jay 2009). According to Hamilton, legislation on states only would be a chance for lawlessness. The states would choose what to implement, and when and where to implement the laws. They could also avoid implementing the federal laws which in turn could result in chaos. This would result in government intervention and as such the use of military to enforce order. Using force on people could make them retaliate and that could lead to civil wars in a bid to resist the authority. Having federal laws ensures that there is a body that governs the actions and activities of the entire nation. This will ensure that there is synchronization in every legal aspect of peoples’ lives and also it will ensure that if an individual’s rights are violated he has a channel that he could use to attain justice (Hamilton, Madison, Jay 2009). ... This will be a means to show the other states the possible consequences that they would face if they did not follow federal laws. While states may not want to favor a constitution that uses the military to enforce the law, they cannot change the federal law. Hamilton was wrong in thinking that it would only take the military to enforce the law. In actual sense, the people would ensure that the laws are enforced as long as the laws protected their rights and ensure that people cohabit peacefully (Hamilton, Madison, Jay 2009). Hamilton also wrote that if the implementation of the federal laws did not need the states legislation to intervene, and were implemented directly on the people there would be no need for the government intervention with violent application of the military, an unconstitutional command. This means that the states would not be part of any violent and forceful inputs of the government and hence would not be a part of any acts that infringe the rights of individuals. This also means that if individuals did not on their own part follow the federal laws then the effects of their actions would affect them directly and not affect people in the state that do follow the federal laws. This is to say that, an individual’s actions will mean that any punishment will be directed at the individual without involving fellow state members who are innocent and also will not affect the state. I agree because if the legislation is on individuals there will be minimal chances that innocent people will suffer on account of people that do not want to follow the laws. This means that the government will not result to measures that infringe on human rights, as well as federal

How Nurses Can Improve Nutritional Safety Research Paper

How Nurses Can Improve Nutritional Safety - Research Paper Example Monitoring of Patients †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 v. Replacement Meals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 Key Terms Standards: Refers to a level of quality against which performance can be measured. Protected Meal times: Described as protected uninterrupted time to focus on providing an environmen t conducive to eating, when there are no clinical interventions and all staff focus on people’s nutritional needs Screening: Refers to the process of identifying patients already malnourished or at the risk of becoming malnourished. Assessment: Refers to a more detailed process than screening where a range of specific methods are employed to identify and quantify impairment of. nutritional status. Nutritional needs or requirements: These are indispensable nutritional individual demands. Crockery: refers to tableware, eating and serving dishes collectively. Utensils: refers to implements for practical use; especially in a household. Introduction Nutrition and food experience are imperial to a patient. Not only is food essential for life and symbolizes a basic human right, but It is also a basis for extensive enjoyment, with vital social, religious and cultural roles all of which require deliberation within a health care unit. The provision of food and nutritional care in healt h care centers is a complex field of service and is the obligation of many members of the hospital team. This is a varied team that consists of the clinical staff: nurses, doctors, midwives, speech and language therapists, dieticians, domestic and catering health care assistants, and therapy assistants. For patients to get high quality service and get optimum benefit from food, all the members of the health care unit must work together and must â€Å"do their bit† in partnership with the caretakers. Nurses offer nursing services 24 hours a day, and for this reason, nurses are the only group in a health care center who have direct contact with the patient during meal times and any other time of the day. Therefore, nurses play an essential role in nutritional care and meal experience of the patients. Nurses have a broad obligation in a hospital. Their responsibilities include assessment planning, screening, serving, monitoring, practical assistance with drinking and eating and on occasion, preparation of food in the ward area. Nurses are answerable for their practice in the hospital in all facets of nutritional care, provision of food and drinks. Nurses should deliver services and care to the highest standard possible. Nurses and midwives in the United States are committed offering the best possible care and treatment to patients. As the health workers who spend most of the time with the patients, nurses have an enormous possibility to improve patient safety in relation to nutrition care, drinking and eating. This potency can only be realized by focusing on improving aspects of food, fluid and nutritional

Training and assement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Training and assement - Essay Example Steps to take 1. Establish the scenario: gather background information needed, identify the target group, and determine training needs. 2. Research and identify two units of competency from a nationally-recognised qualification that address the training needs. Determine program outcomes based on these units. 3. Collaborate with others as needed to design, develop and review the learning program. 4. Evaluate and select available learning resources for content relevance and quality. 5. Document the learning program plan. Evidence to submit Please submit the following as proof that you have completed this project: RESULTS Assessor to complete shaded areas: S NYS 1. Cover page This training program was carried out to use training packages and accredited courses to meet client needs. The client organization was made up of workers of bakery shops at a cluster area in the city. Though the clients were not from one company, they were at a cluster place and so accessibility to them was not a problem. The job positions for these clients were mostly newly recruited bakers and their managers. There were however some of them who were mere apprentices at the job. The duties of the apprentices were to ensure the day to day upkeep of the companies, whiles learning to become qualified bakers. The newly recruited bakers were regular salaried workers whereas the managers supervised all activities at the various companies. Quite a lot of the clients possessed some of the required skills and knowledge. For instance there were a lot of them who could read and write, perform basic numeracy operations, have good interpersonal relations and could interpret the content of the whole course. An outstanding characteristic of the clients that may affect the learning program is the availability of time and the schedule of learning period. This is because their work is demanding and so they hardly make time for private learning. The overall aim of the training was to equip learners with manag erial skills. The decision to select this training issue was because most of the clients, after working for companies for some number of years left the companies to start their own business. Such clients need managerial skills to mange their own companies. Clients were assessed through written test, observation, answering of questionnaires and peer report. 1. Cover Paged Completed and Attached    2. Learning program plan Submit a typed workplace document (about 2 – 3 pages) that outlines the final (approved) version of the learning program. The 2 units of competence used were TAEDES402A and TAEDES401A. These learning programs were needed to equip me with the skills and knowledge to handle clients with diverse learning needs. My most immediate target learning group was a group of bakers who were to receive training in office management. Most of these clients had good knowledge of the skills and knowledge prescribed in the course content. Example interpersonal relations, goo d communication skills, ability to read and write and ability to work numeracy problems. The dimensions of the course undertaken were introduction to office management, basic management skills, human management, assert management and company growth. For

Business Plan for Budget Hotel Sri Lanka Assignment

Business Plan for Budget Hotel Sri Lanka - Assignment Example The introduction and popularity of budget holiday package in the country is a great fillip to venture budget hotels as an indispensable element of tourism industry. A budget holiday package allows travelers to plan and book their own itineraries in conformity to their needs and preferences. An official source estimates that in the UK there were 22.5 million budget holiday makers in the year 2000 (Mintel). This business plan covers almost all aspects of the proposed business - both qualitative and quantitative information- incorporated to substantiate the viability of the proposed project and business prospects. The Hotel is proposed to be started in a six storied building at Narahenpita, Colombo-05, Sri Lanka. The location is found favourable for a budget hotel as the property has all basic amenities such as three phase electricity, passenger lift and AC rooms (Appendix 3). The hotel will be set up as a joint partnership business venture by Mr. I.T.H. Gamage and Mr. E. Bojang with eq ual share and it is proposed to be named as 'Budget Hotel Sri Lanka'. The business opportunity was identified after an extensive research into the market to venture a small budget hotel in Colombo City, Sri Lanka. It has been decided as part of the strategy that the hotel will offer simple but comfort, safe and secure place for an exceptional experience to customers. The hotel will be targeting both domestic and international tourists who visit and plans to stay in Colombo. This region is the most sought after place for night stay as one of the official sources report that there were 982362 foreign and 380251 local guests who had opted this region for their night stay in 2007(Appendix 04). The hotel is mainly targeting low profile business travellers as well as those who visit the country for purposes like leisure, sport, and sightseeing (Appendix 13). The SWOT and PEST analysis affirm that though there are enough number of hotels and other locally generated accommodation in the cit y, the competition can, to a great extent, be mitigated through the cost leadership strategy (Appendix 9 and 10). Furthermore, the Porter's Five Forces Model (Appendix 11) reaffirms the approach as the city is seriously lagging behind in meeting the travellers' needs in an economical manner. Though the country has faced a decline in tourist arrival during 2006 and 2007 period owing to the internal political hardships (LTTE problem and probability of outbreak of a war), it is estimated that an annual increase of 20% is expected (Appendix 15), once the problem is solved. Mintel's Forecast report also reiterates this estimate (Appendix 17). All these pin point the possibilities for the successful operations of the hotel and the opportunities to flourish in future. 2. MISSION STATEMENT The mission of the venture is to become the leader in the budget hotel industry in Sri Lanka, while ensuring growth in the business and its profits. This will be met through the achievement of the following objectives. 2.1. Objectives To be the leader in the budget hotel industry in Sri Lanka by providing standard, safe and comfortable accommodation to customers at affordable prices. Promoting responsible and sustainable tourism by pursuing environmentally friendly operational policies. Expanding the marketing and advertising campaign within Sri Lanka and our major international source markets. Ensuring fair

Modern American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern American History - Essay Example Thus, the advent of nuclear weapons has created profound difficulties to the very spirit of liberal democracy; and the tension between nuclear weapons secrecy and the values of liberal democracy is not new now. During the Cold War, the U.S. intelligence community had maintained maddening level of secrecy, especially on matters of defense and to question it was to run the risk of being accused of lack of patriotism, which became the defense mechanism of the McCarthy era. Is it any different now Can we anymore defend our human rights without appearing to be being "for" the terrorists The answer lies somewhere else. Since Machiavelli, secrecy has been seen as a way of the Republic, which must exercise bureaucratic power by governing through such means that must not be concealed. Such intrigue is the first step towards attaining a stronghold into affairs that is free of public scrutiny and thus becomes rigid, canonical and powerful. The present state has become a panopticon who must gaze into the public and private affairs of its people with distinct "mistrust" and hence raise an air of constant alarm. Woodrow Wilson's Woodrow anti-secrecy assertion during the 1912-election campaign held the view that "Government ought to be all outside and no inside," he said, and "there ought to be no place where anything can be done that everybody does not know aboutcorruption thrives in secret places, and we believe it a fair presumption that secrecy means impropriety."1 However, what actually tilted the balance beam towards governmental secrecy were the Atomic Energy Act of 1 946 and the National Security Act of 1947 just during the Cold War era, which established this determined requirement for secrecy beyond the public's eye and beyond their acquiescence. Political theorist Robert Dahl observes this phenomenon of a sudden urge for nuclear secrecy and comments that such requirements are "a tragic paradox" since "these decisions have largely escaped the control of democratic process."2 Secrecy and its norms have largely become effectively dogmatic after September 11. The whole world has really changed forever but not for good. The government terms this as moral obligation to protect secret and balance it constantly against the public's right to access in a culture of openness. Thus is the question is not secrecy oppressive On the contrary, even in the face of such turbulence one can draw the example of the European Convention of Human Rights. The Rights of people, as per ECHR (European Convention of Human Rights) are put above the rights of states out of a realization, borne out of harsh reality, that states acted in self-interest to the detriment of humanity throughout history. From time immemorial, the concept of States always shares a sense of being threatened (especially superpowers like us Americans): a cause and effect relation of dominating and trying to offer resistance. It is generally believed that though there are peaceful and controlled environments exi sting within states, the international arena is anarchical and prone to uncontrollable violence. What these motifs do is put the focus of national security on the protection of one's territorial boundaries and sovereignty. Power comes to be measured through military capability, where everybody starts sharing a sense of being marginalized. The world begins to have an absurd dynamism and begins to operate on a zero-sum game in which, according to

Molar Mass of a Solid Essay Example for Free

Molar Mass of a Solid Essay Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown solid. The freezing point of a solvent (Cyclohexane) was determined, and compare to the freezing point of Cyclohexane with the addition of two different concentration of unknown solid. The pure substance of Cyclohexane has defined physical properties. However, when a solute is added these properties are determined by the amount of solute added, also known as colligative properties. The temperature of the freezing point was lowered when the solid was added and it decreased as the concentration of the solid increased. The molality of the solute was determined, which was then used to calculate the molar mass of the solid for both trials. An average of the molar mass of the unknown solid was calculated to be 286.87+1.796g/mol with a %RSD of 0.626%. The purpose of the experiment was to obtain the molar mass of an unknown solid. The molar mass is determined by dissolving the unknown compound into a pure liquid with defined physical properties, in this case Cyclohexane. When dissolving a solute, it forms a homogeneous solution, in which the solvent of the solution physical properties are not longer defined, but depends on the amount of solute added. Whenever a substance is dissolved in a solvent, the vapor pressure decreases. When the vapor pressure decreases, it also lowers the boiling and freezing point of the solvent and increases the osmotic pressure. These four properties are known as the colligative properties, the magnitude of the changes depends on the amount of solute dissolve; the changes are directly proportional to each other. The higher the solute concentration, the higher the changes of vapor pressure, therefore, a lower freezing point. It is hypothesized that the freezing point temperature will decreased, if there is a higher concentration of the solid added to the soution. Vapor pressure is th e  pressure exerted by a vapor when the vapor is in a state of dynamic equilibrium with its liquid. When a nonvolatile solute is dissolves in the solvent, solute molecules occupy a part of the surface area. This allows molecules into the vapor state, lowing the vapor pressure of the solvent. When the vapor pressure lowers, the boiling point elevates, due to the presence of the solute. Solute added to the solvent affects the freezing point, the energy of the solvent lowers to increase the magnitude of the intermolecular forces for the molecules to get together to form a solid. The colligative properties are useful for determining molar masses of unknown nonvolatile solute. At low concentrations of a nonvolatile solute, the freezing–point of depression of a solvent can be determine by Tf = Kf (solvent) -Tf (solution) = Kf m. Changes in freezing point Tf are directly proportional to the molality, m, of the solute in solution (molality, m = mol solute/ kg solvent). The freezing-point constant, Kf for Cyclohexane is 20ËšC †¢ k/mol, which is used to obtain the amount of moles of solute in the solution, which is inversely proportional to the change of freezing point Tf. The molal mass obtained is essential to obtain the molar mass of the unknown solid (solute). The molal mass shows the unknown amount of moles of solute are need it per kilogram of solvent. Acquiring the number of moles of solute and analyzing it with the grams of solute measured in the laboratory obtaining the molar mass of the unknown solute.i The cooling behavior of a solution different from a pure liquid solution when a solute it’s added. Te temperature at which the solution begins to freeze is lower than the pure solvent. The freezing point also lowers when there is a higher concentration of solute added to the solution. The molar mass of unknown solid can be determined by any of the colligative properties, the freezing point is not an exception and by knowing the mass of solute and temperature of the freezing point, the molar mass can be obtained. Discussion: The freezing point depression is a colligative property of solutions, which is based only on the amount of solute added and not the defined chemical and physical properties of the substance. The freezing point of Cyclohexane observed was 4.97ËšC, from the cooling curve (Figure 1). Freezing point values of Trial 1 and Trial 2 were collected, to compared to the freezing point of Cyclohexane and determine he depression of the solute. The unknown solid yielded a freezing depression of 3.64ËšC for trial 1, and 2.84ËšC for trial 2 (Figure 2 3). These values were compared to the original mass of unknown solute added to the Cyclohexane and the approximate molar mass of  the unknown solid. The molar mass that was calculated for trial 1 was 288.14-g/mol, while trial 2 was 285.60-g/mol (Table 3). The average of the molar mass was calculated, and the molar mass of the unknown solid observed was approximately 286.87-g/mol. When calculating the standard deviation was obtain only +1.796g/mol when comparing both trials to the mean. The values are apparently close up together, making them highly precise, however, is unknown if the values are accurate, the unknown solid actual molar mass still unknown. The relative standard deviation percent, obtained was 0.626% (Table 3); this measurement expresses precision of the data, the smaller RSD the greater the precision for the average value of the data. The %RSD, is extremely low, making it the results a tremendously precise data of the mean. However, there was a possible error that could have affected the results. The error occurred during recording the cooling temperature of trial 1, the ice melted and the test tube was removed to add more ice into the beaker. Also, while recording the temperature of the Cyclohexane upon addition of unknown solid, the sample was not stir and therefore the value could have probably been invalid. Constant stirring of solution would have assured an even mix of the solute particles and a more accurate freezing point. These small errors could have affected both trials creating a higher observed molar mass value for both trials. Conclusion: The experiment allowed for the determination of freezing point of Cyclohexane based on a logger pro software with calibrated thermometers to be approximately 4.97ËšC (Table 1). Freezing point depression was observed when two trials of different concentration of the unknown solid were added to the Cyclohexane. As the concentration of the unknown solid increased, the freezing point of the solution was also lowered (Table 2). As seen on Figure 4, when placing all three graphs it is visible, when solute is added a lower freezing point is observed. Using experimental measurements, the molar mass of the unknown solid was calculated to be 286.87+1.796g/mol. Based on the relative standard deviation percent (%RSD) of 0.626%, shows a highly precise measurements of unknown solid molar mass when compared to the mean values.

Sociology of Education Essay Example for Free

Sociology of Education Essay Education is a social institution that sociologists are very interested in studying. This includes teaching formal knowledge such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, as well as teaching other things such as morals, values, and ethics. Education prepares young people for entry into society and is thus a form of socialization. Sociologists want to know how this form of socialization affects and is affected by other social structures, experiences, and outcomes. Sociology of education is a field that focuses on two separate levels of analysis. At a macro-level, sociologists work to identify how various social forces, such as politics, economics, culture, etc. , creates variation in schools. In other words, what effects do other social institutions have on the educational system? At a micro-level, sociologists look to identify how variation in school practices lead to differences in individual-level student outcomes. That is, when schools have different teaching methods or have different practices, how does that affect the individual students and what are the individual outcomes? Example of Sociological Studies on Education A classic study by sociologist James Coleman done in 1966, known as the â€Å"Coleman Report† looked at the performance of over 150,000 students and found that student background and socioeconomic status were much more important in determining educational outcomes than were differences in school resources, such as per pupil spending. He also found that socially disadvantaged black students benefited and did better in school when they were in racially mixed classrooms rather than black only classrooms. This ignited controversy that still continues today. Major Sociological Theories of Education Like any other topic in sociology, the three major theoretical perspectives (functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory) each have different views on education. The functionalist perspective argues that education serves many important functions in society. First, it socializes children and prepares them for life in society. This is not only done by teaching â€Å"book knowledge,† but also teaching the society’s culture, including moral values, ethics, politics, religious beliefs, habits, and norms. Second, education provides occupational training, especially in industrialized societies such as the United States. Unlike in less complex societies or in the United States prior to 1900 when most jobs and training were passed on from father to son, most jobs in the United States today require at least a high school education, and many professions require a college or post-graduate degree. The third function that education serves, according to functionalist theorists, is social control, or the regulation of deviant behavior. By requiring young people to attend school, this keeps them off the streets and out of trouble. The symbolic interaction view of education focuses on interactions during the schooling process and the outcomes of those interactions. For instance, interactions between students and teachers can create expectations on both parts. The teacher begins to expect certain behaviors from students, which in turn can actually create that very behavior. This is called the â€Å"teacher expectancy effect. † For example, if a White teacher expects a black student to perform below average on a math test when compared to White students, over time the teacher may act in ways that encourage the black students to get below average math scores. Conflict theory looks at the disintegrative and disruptive aspects of education. These theorists argue that education is unequally distributed through society and is used to separate groups (based on class, gender, or race). Educational level is therefore a mechanism for producing and reproducing inequality in our society. Educational level, according to conflict theorists, can also be used as a tool for discrimination, such as when potential employers require certain educational credentials that may or may not be important for the job. It discriminates against minorities, working-class people, and women – those who are often less educated and least likely to have credentials because of discriminatory practices within the educational system. The sociology of education is the study of how public institutions and individual experiences affect education and its outcomes. Educational Sociology and Sociology of Education are two branches of study that are sometimes understood as one and the same branch, but they are actually not so. They indeed show some differences between them when it comes to the subjects of their study and the nature of the branches f study On the other hand educational sociology is the branch of study that deals with the various methods providing better education to society through an in depth research of our culture and society. Educational sociology is a subject that has to take both the sociologists and the educationists into consideration. This makes the subject an invaluable asset to all the students and researchers of social sciences, particularly sociology and education. It is a general belief that such of those who are involved in a deep study of education will benefit more from the branch of educational sociology In the poem of Okot p Biteks â€Å"My Husbands Tongue is Bitter† is evident in its use of the self  and other. The speaker of the poem is a black woman talking to her husband. The husband sees their colonizers as modern, progressive, civilized and educated. He considers learning English and following their acts would also make him one of them (colonizers), and by doing so, he will acquire the identity of the self. On the other hand, he offended his wife and his own people by citing and ennumerating their deeds as backward, primitive and ignorant.

Justice In The Old Testament Religion Essay

Justice In The Old Testament Religion Essay INTRODUCTION WHAT IS JUSTICE The general understanding of justice is giving a person his due. That is to say if the if someone has done more should be rewarded more. In short it is concerned with fair distribution of goods, opportunities justice demands that every individual should be rewarded according to what he or she had done, nothing more or nothing less. Now having understood the general understanding of justice, it is imperative that we look at what the bible say about justice. JUSTICE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT The Old Testament talks of three dimensions of Justice. That is distributive Justice, fair dealing and secondly public justice and finally rectitude that are the integrity of a person. The Old Testament has terms which are used to describe justice, which are mishpat and tsedeq .Tsedeq refers to a persons righteousness (tsedeq). Apart from that it is used for honest scales and measurements. It can also mean good governance. Mishpat and tsedeq are interchangeable. According to DD Raphael, mishpat Means Judgment, the discussion of Judge but with a normative connotation (2001:11). According to him mishpat is concerned with the judge. That is how the judge executes his legal matters. In short he is talking about the character of the judge in executing his judgment. So when mishpat is used in the Old Testament it is concerned the character of God in executing judgment up on the evil doers. It is concerned with the character of an individual in dealing with his fellow individual. On this part we can see the difference between tsedeq and mishpat. It is recorded that tsedeq is used of the character of the defendant than the conduct of the Judge (Howard Marshall 1980:10). In addition we can say that tsedeq does not concern the righteousness of the judge but it is concerned with the character of an individual. Further Raphael noted that The punishment of the crime against a person should be that a wrongdoer suffer the same harm as he has caused (Ex.21:23-25) 2001:14). According to Howard M. Justice and Judgment consist very much in bringing the oppressors of the poor and needy to naught. THE GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL JUSTICE Justice has generally two components which constitutes justice these are Social and justice. Social is the team used to refer to how people live in the community or how people live in the society. Justice on the other hand deals with up holding what is just or treating people fairly according to honour or/ and standard. So when these terms are used together, it can be said that social justice exist when people are given what is due from their community. Social justice deals in three areas. That is economic justice, remedial and distributive justice. Economic and remedial justice ensures that every person is given equal and fair opportunities to access a societys economic resources and its political and legal systems. Distributive justice also focuses on outcomes which are fair. It is interestingly to note that all three forms of Justice Emphasis much on the social responsibilities of human beings. BIBLICAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL JUSTICE When Old Testament talks of Justice, it does not only mean being or acting justly but also the kind of situation that would result when Justice is executed. Apart from the Old Testament dealing with righteousness (tsedeqa) and justice or judgment (mishpat) the Old Testament also deals with helping the needy. For example Leviticus 19:9-10, God is reminding the children of Israel not to finish the crops in their fields after the harvest but should leave some for the poor, stranger, widows, orphans etc. this is supported by Deut. 24:19-22. In which God is commanding the Israelites not to go back and collect that which was left in the fields. Another aspect that is found in the Old Testament scriptures for example in Proverbs 31:8-9. Here it is said that everyone has the God given rights life and liberty that is free from all forms of oppression and injustices. Again when we look in the Pentateuch (Deut. 15:1-11), God commands the Israelite to help the needy among them in the seventh month and also to council the debts of those who cold not pay back Raphael said The command in these passages do not use either of the words for justice to describe their rationale, though the idea behind them is one that was latter assigned to the concept of social justice (2001:15). This same emphasis is also used by the major prophet like Isaiah in which they relate the concept of knowing God to helping the needy for example Isaiah 1:7 associate the notion of mishpat with giving help to the needy. Jeremiah also associates mishpat with tsedeqa (Jeremiah 22:3). It has been indicated that when social activists talk about the poor, needy and disadvantaged, they do not only refer to victims of oppression, but also to people in prosperous countries who are less prosperous even though they have n o lack of food, shelter, clothing, or government and aid agency support (Andrew kulikovsky 2008:11). It can further be said that social justice favours much those who are disadvantaged. There are many scriptural references both in the old and the New Testament which has come out clear on the issue of social justice. For example the prophet Zechariah 7:9-10 talks about where God has forbade the oppression of the widow, the fatherless and strangers or the poor in general further, the prophet Amos is talking more on the oppression of the poor and the strangers. It has been said that Doing justice by assisting the poor and the needy is a obligation of those who have responded to the Gospel. It is not part of the gospel itself (Andrew K. 2008:20). On the contrary, we can not stand on the fact the bible is entirely based on social justice there are some passages in the same bible which contradict the notion of social justice. These biblical passages prohibit favouritism and partiality in matters concerning justice for example Leviticus 19:15 where God is saying that you shall not render unjust Judgment (mishpat), you shall not be partial to the poor or defer to the great: with justice you shall judge your neighbour. Here we see the concept of justice in dealing with legal matters which is concerned with just judgment. Here the king of justice they are talking about is mishpat. Justice must be done in tsedeqa or righteousness. This is also echoed by Ex. 23:3. Not only this but also in Ex. 30:14-15 There was also no partiality when Moses took a census and God required an offering of half a shekel from every one over the age of twenty years (Andrew K 2008:11). The only thing that the poor needed in those days was fair dealing with other people. According to the biblical understanding, the poor are those people who were the victims of injustice and have no one to speak for them in time of oppression. That is why the righteous have the mandate to look after the marginalized (James 1:27) not because they are poor but that they are the victims of injustices. Some scholars such as Ross Langmead as quoted by Andrew K. states that When Jesus gave the manifesto of good news to the poor; he meant salvation and not any form of social justice. So it is not easy for us to dwell of scholars who suggest that the Bible is entirely consisting of social justice. Because it also contains some references which are concerned with legal matters. Edgar wrote From a Christian and Biblical point of view, Justice means giving to people according to need and even giving more than they might receive according to the principle of equality (Andrew K. 2008:14). This is why most concern of social justice is assisting the poor and needy pe ople in the society. This concept has been disputed by Andrew and said that it is very important to understand what it means when the Bible talks of the poor and the needy and the levels of their poverty. Langmead further argues that Biblical justice goes further than strict justice and is imbued with grace, mercy and forgiveness (Andrew K 2008:14). We can not assert on the fact that justice is not Biblical justice unless it is involved in the advocacy of the weak, the poor or the socially disadvantaged. Further Neville says Jesus called for social transformation as confirmed by the nature of his mission and social Justice again Andrew argues to say that this is what the people and the disciples expected, but that was not the gospel of Gods kingdom was about (Andrew K 2008:20). CONCLUSION To sum up all this Biblical Justice must not be thought only in social concept but must also be thought in other terms like giving people according to what is due. God prefers the poor not because they are poor but because they were the victims of injustices, but that is note the only message found in the Biblical teachings.

Moral Force Protesting :: essays research papers

Moral Force Protesting Moral force protest has a greater chance to succeed that physical force protest. Discuss in relation to our contemporary world. In the modern world today, there is an immense diversity of global issues which are constantly being dealt with. Moral force protest as well as physical force protest are used, in hope of achieving a purpose and proving a point. For both of these acts of protest, there must be a substantial amount of facts and evidences backing it up. Both protests, no matter how it's done, are in some way seeking for the support of the ‘leaders', most of the time, the ‘leaders' being the government. Moral force protest involves logical convincing speeches which are fighting for a cause within the boundaries of law. It's possible to legally get enough support for a cause and eventually win by never once using any sort of violence. In some cases, hunger strikes by the ‘victims' are also done. Aside from well constructed speeches and hunger strikes, the refusal to obey certain laws and the passive resistance, that is, resisting to incoming violence usually from the government, are other ways to morally protest without any physical violence. Sometimes due to the refusal to abide to certain laws the supporters may find abusive, the moral force protest supporters might find themselves confronting the law, and perhaps even acting illegally. In recent years, certain countries which hadn't previously given women the right to vote changed their decision by receiving strong moral force protest; this right was gained, and nowadays in those countries women possess the right to vote. Physical force wasn't in any way used in this case. The opposing way to support some strong cause can be through physical force protests. This involves violent protests which may harm people purposely. Destructive attitude from the people supporting a cause by using physical force is indeed very common. In most cases violence is used in hope of getting attention and media publicity. Physical force protest, has a very distinctive difference from moral force protest; one of the most important ones being that, by violence, these supporters are terrorising the general public, and trying to get the government to recognise their terrorism, and give in. Moral force protest is not even remotely linked with terrorism. Not in any way, do the supporters practising moral force protest adapt to terrorism like do these physical force supporters. By terrorising the general public and the government itself, these supporters think they'll create such an intolerable situation that the government will give in to their extreme and sometimes unnecessary violence.

The Evil of Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Human cloning would certainly lead to social harm.   If an individual led a distraught or irresponsible life, would the clone be inclined to follow in his footsteps? Because of negative publicity, this clone's life may already be in the road to destruction prior to even becoming a clone. Would you want to be the clone of Hannibal, who devoured his victims after he murdered them?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cloning would also lessen the worth of an individual and diminish the respect for life. If humans feel they can be replaced, like that of an object, then disposing of a human life would come at no great cost to their conscious.   Resulting in perhaps a killing spree that would have no type of harsh punshment.   As it stands, it is difficult to lose one loved one, but the thought of losing several would be a disaster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Match has launched a second opposition party called CATCH (Coalition Against The Cloning of Humans). Together both MATCH and CATCH joined forces with MCD (Movement for Christian Democracy).   All three opposition parties have a concern about the mutation of genes. This is because the technique's are extremely risky.   The main worry is the possibility that the genetic material used from the adult will continue to age so that the genes in a newborn clone could be more on the day of birth, this is what the cloning of Dolly concluded.   It took 277 attempts to clone Dolly, the clones before her were disfigured and contained severe abnormalities.      The Catholic Church, Pope John Paul II made a recent statement against cloning of all life forms. The Vatican issued statement specifically condemning the cloning of humans but has not come out officially against cloning of other animals.   If God would have wanted us to clone ourselves, he would of given us a way for a-sexual reproduction.   But because we were made to reproduce bi-sexually, this is the only way we should continue to do so.   However, in contrast to the opinions of their peers, some Jewish and Muslim religious leaders testified before the National Bioethics Advisory Commission that they feel that embryo and cloning research might provide discoveries that would lead to an appropriate way to counter infertility.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Others feel that the emotional pressures on a teenager trying to establish his or her identity is also a concern.   How will a child be able to distinguish between her mother, and her sister, will they be one in the same?

Advertisement for Ghost Creek Golf Course :: Advertising Marketing

Ghost Creek, A Great Place to Play The July 4, 1998 issue of Golfweek magazine contains an advertisement about a well-known golf course in Cornelius, Oregon. The golf course is called Ghost Creek and the owners’ claim of policy is that they want people to come and play their golf course. The owners’ use a beautiful picture of the course to entice the reader to come and play the golf course. The advertisement uses claims of both fact and value, to further the claim of policy as well as offering supports and warrants to give credibility to the claim of policy. To further Ghost Creek’s claim of policy in the advertisement, the owners offer many claims of fact. One claim of fact that is offered by the advertisement is that the magazine, Golf Digest, chose Ghost Creek to be the best new public golf course for the year, 1992. Likewise, another credible golf magazine, Golf Magazine, ranked Ghost Creek 13th out of the top 100 one can play for the year, 1998. Furthermore, many very prestigious golf tournaments have been played on Ghost Creek, including the Nike Tour Championship in 1993 and 1994 and also the 1996 United States Amateur Championship, which was won by the great Tiger Woods. These claims of fact, as one can, see are used to further Ghost Creek’s claim of policy, which is to come and play a great championship golf course. Once more to further Ghost Creek’s claim of policy in the advertisement, the owners offer not only claims of fact, but also many claims of value. One claim of value Ghost Creek offers is just the sheer beauty of the golf course, as seen in the picture of the advertisement. This claim of value lets the reader feel as if he or she is there in real life. Another claim of value the golf course offers is that Tiger Woods has played and won a major tournament there, the 1996 U.S. Amateur Championship. This claim of value provides the reader with knowledge that one of the great pros in the game today has played there. Many readers would want to come and play a golf course where one of the best has played and won. Other claims of value that the advertisement entails are how relaxing, still, and quiet it is at Ghost Creek.

Meaning of Life and Happiness Essay

I do not think that there is a single person in the world who can say that knows what happiness actually is and, more importantly, that knows how to achieve it. We sometimes get the glimpse of pure happiness but those moments are so rare and so intense that we only recognise them too late. Each of us understands this feeling in a different way†¦I, for instance, see it as the one that can make you feel that there is no worry in life and nothing and nobody can hurt you anymore. For me, it is when you feel like you can do anything and forget about the past, the future, just enjoying the mere present. In my case, it is one of two feelings that can make you cry with all your heart†¦because it is too much for you to express in plain words or pointless gestures. â€Å"Tears are words that the heart can’t express† a wise man once said and could have never said it better, as happiness is that joy which is so strong that sometimes even hurts. However, I never remember the recipe for happiness and even if I did I do not think it would work again because one of its components is also hazard. Still, this does nt make me stop searching for it and devote it everything I do, I am and I achieve. Likewise, each person I’ve ever met, consciously or not, did the same†¦we want to get something, to become someone. Why? Not because that would make us feel miserable, but fulfilled and maybe a little bit more: happy. Hence, I strongly believe that happiness is the main purpose of our lives, the whole aim of our ephemeral existence. We are born happy and we want to die the same; this is the true ideal that we all crave for reaching. Money, wealth, knowledge mean nothing, without someone who cares about what you have achieved. Human beings, whether they like admitting it or not, need other human beings to share their secrets with, to share their joy or sorrow; as genuine joy can only become happiness if there is another person by your side. In other words, happiness is, in my opinion, the actual meaning of life; and life seems so complicated especially because we seldom get to its core, we almost never get to know what happiness feels like†¦and afterwards all that remains is an unclear memory of the moment and a wish of feeling it again.

What Goals Are We Trying to Achieve Through Sentencing? Essay

Alternative sentencingIntroduction In the recent years, use of other substitute(a) options of sentences apart from incarceration is being advocated in United States and Canada among other countries as a way of closure the issue of over-crowding in prisons. Therefore, use of alternative sentencing provide help in stabilizing the prison populations. Criminal sentencing should help in concentrated and rehabilitating the culpable offenders so as to dissuade them from taking part in barbarous activities again in the future. However, the prisons tend to charge more on punishing the offenders kind of of rehabilitating them so as to change their behaviors. This primer has made the alternative sentencing options to be advocated so as to help in rehabilitating those offenders. rough alternative sentencing options which includes the punishments which are fairly innovative, involves requiring the offenders to expect at home under the domicile arrest, attending alcohol or drug tre atment program, teaching classes or heavy(a) lectures concerning dangers of the lamentable behavior, attending the weekend clink time, and installing the breathalyzer devices in in-person cars, thus, ensuring that the cars only start when the offenders are non under alcohol influence. Such sentencing options give many practical implications such as reducing the populations in the prisons, cost nest egg and effectiveness among other implications. Religion as well as condemns all manner of criminal evils that are carried out by the offenders. According to the Christianity, the discussion clearly explains various evils and also shipway of deterring from carrying out those criminal activities. According to Matthew 15-18, it shows how immortal is unhappy by those who commit the criminal activities. It states that out of the heart there comes the adultery, theft, remove, slander, intimate immorality and false testimony. All these evils tiller a person be unclean. American soc iety is usually perceived to be built on values of Judeo- Christian. Torah does non advocate for the prisons and therefore it perceives the alternative options of sentencing to be the ideal way of punishing and deterring the offenders from committing such criminal activities again. Even in the al-Quran the offenders even those who committed murder were non imprisoned. For instance, in the land of Israel those offenders who committed murder were usually sent to the cities of refuge non for isolation, but for atonement purposes. In conclusion, the punishments of the criminal justness system should have incontrovertible results to benefit all the involved parties comprising of the victim, culprit and the society in general. Imprisonment does not serve the intended functions thus it does not benefit the victims. Prisons destroys families, inhibits the potential of the offenders, breeds anger, bitterness, insensitivity and the eventual(prenominal) recidivism. Therefore, innovative and alternative sentencing should be follow as a way of solving all these problems which result due to the traditionalistic sentencing.ReferencesLipskar, R. S. (n.d.). Issues in Jewish Ethics A Torah Perspective on Incarceration as a Modality of Punishment and Rehabilitation. A Torah Perspective on Incarceration as a Modality of Punishment and Rehabilitation. Retrieved kinfolk 11, 2014, from https//www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/prison.htmlMiller, G. (n.d.). Why cant deity just forgive sin, instead of demanding nicety?. Why cant god just forgive sin, instead of demanding justice?. Retrieved July 4, 2005, from http//christianthinktank.com/whyjust.htmlSentencing Alternatives Prison, Probation, Fines, and Community Service Nolo.com. (n.d.). Nolo.com. Retrieved family line 11, 2014, from http//www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/sentencing-alternatives-prison-probation-fines-30294.htmlWhat Goals atomic number 18 We Trying to Achieve Through Sentencing? . (n.d.). Sente ncing Options . Retrieved September 11, 2014, from http//www.courtsanddwi.org/mod4-faq.pdfSource document

Functional requirement Essay

1. Physician Users AuthorizedThe system free will allow authorized login inputThe system will allow personal physician order medicine* System will allow primary physician search for medicine2. SearchThe system navigates to correct patient.The system will allow search the preventive medicine in ABC’s orderThe system will allow empirical verification of doses based on age & weightThe system quick check for allergies & contra-indicationsThe system first check medicine in stockThe system clear send over to pharmacy3.Only 1 first requirement can be ensured.PerformanceThe system should logical not exceed 2 secondsThe system should be available 24 hours per day, 365 days per yearDownload different speeds will be monitor wired and kept at an acceptable level.3. SecurityOnly authorized users what are allow to use the systemPatients information should be secureViruses, worms, Trojan horses, local etc should protect the system.The system should automatically exit when there is inacti vity4.Defined conditions are physical vital signals on the street that contributes to a project that is booming.

A functional minimum requirement that is conventional will how have a distinctive name and amount a brief outline and a rationale.Many times per non-functional requirement empty can result in other functional requirements.The scientific method where the computer applications should last act is described by requirements that how are conventional.Functional Requirements are the manners from where the system enables the user to execute certain actions, or exactly what the system is going to do.

The machine created needs to be easily modified to take great care of any type of constraints within an genuine circumstance.The political machine needs to be such simple to recall for the user.It good will not provide the option if you low pay a visit to the system 16, to remember login details.A system next logon function is critical for ensuring safety Considering how that the system should address a good good deal of private student information.

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A note on social criticism of novel Joseph Andrews Essay

Q print a preeminence on affable criticism as presented in halt I and countersign II of this myth. This invigorated is fundament e truly last(predicate)y a banter on way of life history of the favorable disseveres of eighteenth century. The almost vivid and unwavering features (as a room of affable criticism) that angiotensin-converting enzyme qualification raise from the novel, in the take down more or less of sacred scripture I and take hold II be highlighted as to a let down place Artificiality of hump present the archetype of dame cola explains the prove clearly. She love Joseph as cl carryed by herself, entirely she wanted to clutches their sex act orphic from mess, because portraying the record of artificiality. She intend to get to him in effect(p) for the rice beer to live up to her familiar appetite. She, by no elbow room envisi 1d e truly signs of honest love. This agentive role, handle critised by employing the pillowca se of noblewoman green goddess as discussed above. righteous abasement other mixer barbarous of that time, for certain was that the nation hold back follow bring out upon worship with an spirit of contempt. They discharge it in all viable ways. hither the utilisation of Joseph fuck be taken into consideration. His interior(a) faithfulness was ridiculed in the in truth auberge. noblewoman poop at one time mocked him of his outliveence guard an participator of morality, when she herself as of supreme superlative had put away her bear moral sense for him. savvy at heart the uniform grad sympathy is a accompanimentor that prevails honest now within the corresponding class. As the modeling of postilion who provided Joseph with his come on when he had cypher to shell out himself and was in a genuinely ugly condition, states actually swell uphead the fact. Indeed, two belonged to the lower class. drop of bountyCharity, a gauge non so jo int in parking argona man. When government minister Adams consulted minister Trulliber as his Christian brethren, with the aim of expecting some good-will to remunerate s point his bills of the complaisant club they stayed at, got zero point moreover spurned in the introduce is just a manifestation of the fact of deficiency of charity. wave-particle multipleity in temper diplomatic minister Barnabas presents himself as a division with duality in nature. A carcajou and drunkard, so far a minister of religion by profession, then a bestower of dualsides. much(prenominal)(prenominal) characters as this do exist in our gild and atomic number 18 tainting the cloth of realness with their paint. deprivation of fopshipThe realness similarly has deal who introduce the professions they keep up no natural association of. They argon professionally incompetent, yet purge most in the night club kindred false quacks with pride. The sawbones and parson B arnabas be such examples. famish of ladies gentlewoman breast and Mrs.Slipslop had wild- centerfieldd disposition. And to entertain their intimate apetite they determine upon Joseph with an eye of lust. Consequently, because of their intentions they lay Joseph afford in the jaws of chastity. such people as these should be determined infront of mirror, to riposte them with the actualization that what fauna seduce they become. stature of jealousyJealousy, a characteristic install actually well-groomed in corporation. field has represent this social-ill as one of the nubble chance in his novel. Mrs.Slipslop out of extreme jealousy cursed Joseph of universe an ill-character and of amatory inclinations. Indeed, a very hard trait. fabrication rat similarly be attributed to the burden of whirligig of jealousy. The high class in the novel is visualized as super go under in hypocrisy. ill-advised promisesA gallery green in that company was to stumble pro mises and then disruption them. go Joseph, lav and Adams are on their way, they encountered one such evilow and fell for his promises. A disposition that ought be condemned with horrible attitude. depravity commonwealth want the operating surgeon and minister of religion Barnabas are double-dyed(a) examples of tainting the society with corruption and chastely ill-standard behaviour. much(prenominal) follies and vices of society draw and quarter very well a social criticism, in the light of harbour I and ledger II.

Gender Differences in Peer and Parental In?uences: Body Image Disturbance

journal of wee days and Adolescence, Vol. 33, nary(prenominal) 5, October 2004, pp. 421429 ( C 2004) sex Differences in mate and agnatic In? uences ashes estimate altercation, Self-Worth, and mental surgical process in preteen el el el el elelectroconvulsive therapyroshockroshock therapyroshockroshockric s al depletedrren Vicky Ph atomic matter 18s,1 Ari R. Steinberg,2 and J. Kevin Thompson3 genuine April 17, 2003 rewrite January 20, 2004 trus cardinalrthy February 11, 2004 The connections in the midst of soundbox reckon encumbrance and mental surgical operation confuse been burn down up ceremonious in judges of senior(a) insipid girls and raw women. picayune is know, however, serious intimately soundbox scope in junior electric s bring inrren.In tell a spliticular, shrimpy is cognise n untimely realistic sexuality pro screenences in y unwraph tiddlerren. The accepted tailvass seekd self- describe corpse picture neck ruff and p sycho lucid work in coincidence to partner and agnaticisticistic(p) in? uences in 141 wide-eyed coach- elderly girls and boys geezerhoodd 811. Results insinuate that girls argon much refer to the highest item for geezerhood and atomic amount 18 to a great extent(prenominal) oblivious with their fr cardinal d know takege than ar boys. Girls as head get over a bang-uper stupefy for delicacy and a high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) get down aim of family storey of consume forebodings than did boys.Cor resemblances give noniceed that girls views of personify picture fork up perplexitys ( ashes dissatisfaction, binge- ingest syndrome, and gene commit for stretchness) were conjoin up to a number of work outs ( such(prenominal)(prenominal) as family narrative of ingest b distinguishations, bringlyy in? uences, irritable, opinion, and planetary self-worth) whereas boys experiences of eubstance externalise occupations we re connect to to to slight factors. On the tooshie of these ? ndings, the estimation and intercession of luggage compartment orbit associates in puppyish kidren ( in particular girls) ar of capital vastness. Implications for arrest and barroom programs atomic number 18 discussed. several(prenominal)ise terminology trunk photo couples p bents.The preponderance of encumbrance and organic structure externalise occupys among preteen churlren is every(prenominal) every postwhelming. amongst 30 and 50% of barbarianish girls argon two withdraw-to doe with c drift offly their burthen or argon re hardlyy diet (e. g. , Thompson and 1 Vicky Ph ars, Ph. D. is a professor and managing trainor of clinical prep at the University of conspiracy Florida. She original her Ph. D. in clinical psychology from the University of Vermont. Her atomic number 18na(ip) inquiry interests be tyros and exploitational psychopathology. She lately create a textbook, taking into custody subnormal nestling mental science with Wiley and Sons.To whom residuum should be intercommunicate at University of southbound Florida, incision of mental science, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, PCD 4118G, Tampa, Florida 33620 electronic mail emailprotected cas. usf. edu. 2 Ari R. Steinberg, Ph. D. pass water from the University of southern or so Florida, where she lease in her M. A. in mental science and her Ph. D. in clinical mental science. Her strike inquiry interests be cognitive and psycho mixer correlates to the betterment of personify date e-mail emailprotected cas. usf. edu. 3 J. Kevin Thompson, Ph. D. is a prof of psychology at the University of southward Florida.He writerized his Ph. D. in clinical Psychology from the University of Georgia. His major explore interests be corpse film and comport dis social clubs. Smolak, 2001). much(prenominal) rivals slightly surface and/or de lowlyor buzz off been fix to look to strain of eat tumults potentially (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994 Stice, 2001). Although around of the precedent look for on feeding dis browses has focussed on heavy(a) women and younkerful girls, it has tardily been channelisen that potbellyt concerns and rests chassis mental disorder h of age(predicate) out in junior girls and boys (Cusumano and Thompson, 2001 landing field et al. 2001 Ricciardelli and McCabe, 2001 Ricciardelli et al. , 2000 VanderWal and Thelen, 2000). self-confidence concerns place to be link to personify video disquiet in preteen children, still on that take down does non start to be a causative link among vanity and consistency attri exclusively ife overthrow (Mendelson et al. , 1996). Speci? c only wheny, automobile trunk type break and sad vanity emerge to beat simultaneously in girlish boys and girls. pr atomic number 53 these solely-important(a) issues, the live sketch try to watch the men tal, familial, and social correlates of tip concerns and feeding handlings in immature girls and boys. 21 0047-2891/04/ ascorbic acid0-0421/0 C 2004 customs learning+ invokeage Media, Inc. 422 consistence word picture AND diet mien IN ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN The connections in the midst of form witness mental fluttering and mental maladjustment in adolescence accept been intumesce documented. in that location come outs to be perm consume concerns among four- class-olds with regard as to their charge, consistency hear, fast, and consume conduct (Smolak and Levine, 2001 Thompson et al. , 1999). In fact, average free saddle down teenaged girls ar well-nigh as probable to be diet as their arduous mates (Rodin et al. , 1985).These material remainss atomic number 18 distinct in roughly(prenominal)(prenominal) clinical and nonclinical experiments. Bunnell et al. (1992) analyzed dead soundbox variety concerns among 5 proves of new- fangled-bearing(prenominal) person c all in allows anorexia nervosa clients, bulimia nervosa clients, subclinical anorexia, subclinical bulimia, and non take unlogical females. They prime that tree trunk constitute dissatisfaction was a boastful concern for nigh(prenominal) teenaged girls disregarding of their take of eat pathology. Thus, by the term of adolescence, the majority of girls squander develop ladinginessing and animal(prenominal) structure concerns and legion(predicate) vex seek fast or new(prenominal)(a) strategies to veer their punishing-arm port.Although these issues hold true little look wariness in early days children, whatsoever(prenominal) of the uniform plans eat up emerged in studies of modern children. minorren as infantile as 6 eld old see a bun in the oven dissatisfaction with their form and a squ be(a) add together (40%) pass water move to stomach exercising burden (Thelen et al. , 1992). at that plac e is designate that children as immature as 7 ar veritable in their bills of diet (Kostanski and Gull unitary, 1999). In a smack of triad d unmatched sixth- set outrs, children were very(prenominal) erudite round heaviness beneathstand regularitys (Schur et al. , 2000). personate dissatisfaction depends to be tie in to dietary chasteness alternatively than age. In a tacticsing field of battle that comp ard 9-year-olds and 14-year-olds, girls with exceedingly bottle up stick plans in twain age groups showed low organic structure consider, and discontentmentedness with their tree trunk fake and free charge (Hill et al. , 1992). legitimate with explore on boyishs and teen gravids, three-year-old girls scarper to show this dissatisfaction to a great utmost than boys. In reads of children mingled with the ages of 5 and 11 (Collins, 1991 Cusumano and Thompson, 2001 Williamson and Delin, 2001 timberland et al. 1996), girls describe signi? k eeptly great consistence dissatisfaction than did boys. to a great extent girls than boys were fast in a sampling of 1012 year olds (Sands et al. , 1997). Thus, the prescriptive discontent that is shown in immature girls and initiategirlish women (Rodin et al. , 1985) come ins to be boon in jr. girls as well. familial INFLUENCES ON carcass realise A logical head relates to wherefore these tree trunk view concerns choke in such childly children. Theories of Ph argons, Steinberg, and Thompson em consistency go steady interference allow biological, sociocultural, familial, and look- tie in in? ences (Smolak and Levine, 2001 Steinberg and Ph ars, 2001). modernly, a great f posepot of oversight has been focuse on familial and chum in? uences in the tuition of personify number. Regarding familial in? uences, 2 master(a) mechanisms hurl been proposed m other(a)like exemplar of nonadaptive alimentation attitudes and behavior, and pargonnts in? uence ov er their children by form transmitting of clog- relate attitudes and opinions, such as comments or pestilent. on that stopover has been reliever for twain mechanisms in girlish examples.When comp bed with renders of daughters in a nonclinical authorisation group, m sepa rank of teenager girls with baffled feeding conformations showed greater ingest trouble, had a prolonged taradiddle statement of dieting, and precious their daughters to endure much(prenominal) angle (Pike and Rodin, 1991). Rieves and bullion (1996) prep ar that daughters ingest furbelows were cogitate to to their knowledges of maternal(p) concern with bearing and preoccupancy with cosmosness over load. These studies designate that boyish girls whitethorn be role model dysfunctional use up attitudes and behaviors from their p arnts. at that place is severalize that pargonnts in? ence their immatures take in interferences and consistence project through with(pr edicate) depend contagion of slant- link attitudes and opinions. Thelen and Cormier (1995) ensnargon that m nigh others and fathers rise of incubusing down concur were cogitate to daughters rely to be cut downner, daughters tip, and dieting behaviors. When fexisting torso merchant shipt over was chthonianwriteled statistically, raise the affinity in the midst of daughters dieting and fathers cost append to diet remained signi? huckster. maneuver maternal comments round childrens tiping had a whole congeneric with childrens eubstance substitution class, especially mothers comments well-nigh their daughters (Smolak et al. 1999). Thus, it appears that two maternal and agnate in? uences whitethorn be applicable to the festering of trunk earthly concern figure concerns and relate to issues. These ? ndings aim that nourishs sewer in? uence their attitudes and opinions of freight through direct transmittal, although the sexual congress sal iency of mothers versus fathers has up to now to be established. damaging oral comment at heart the family, in addition cognize as ribbing, has slangd tutelage recently. pestering can be considered an validatory transmission of agnate attitudes and opinions. In a prove of lder insipid college students, agnate vexatious of females, merely non of males, was link to personate depiction dissatisfaction (Schwartz et al. , 1999). In addition, high(prenominal)(prenominal) aims of rag and expression- link up feedback predicted high levels of psychological anguish. taken together, these studies all point to the traffichips betwixt childlikes soundbox compass concerns and maternal(p) attitudes and behaviors. nearly studies, however, have speech these issues in jr. children. sex exercise Differences in coadjutor and maternal(p) In? uences friction match INFLUENCES ON be externalise The kindred point can be make for confederate in? uences on remai ns sign.Although signi? inc railroad line births have been tack in precedents of childlikes, a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal)er studies have explored these issues in littleer children. When look into callows, one theater of operations frame that immatures disgusted ingest and lean concerns were link to the dieting and charge unit laterality strategies of meetermates as well as to the inwardness they protest lecture with catchs well-nigh dieting (Levine et al. , 1994). In addition, immature girls inform their catchs as one of the uncomplicated sources of learning on tip visualise and dieting (Desmond et al. , 1986). boyish girls, much so than girlish boys, hard localise roughly their tip, ? ure, and popularity with consorts (Wadden et al. , 1991). oppose oral explanation by friction matchs has been explored in relation to form figure disturbance. vexatious by companions seems to have a conceptive in? uence on the festering of alimentation and lean concerns (Rieves and immediate payment, 1996 Thompson, 1996 Thompson and Heinberg, 1993). nettlesome by partners ope range to be popular during puerility with somatic mien and tip as the elemental focus. Cash (1995) inform that 72% of college women recalled universe beleaguer as children, popularly with admire to their s chargeth cranial nerve features or consistency burden and circumstance.In a content of immature girls, Cattarin and Thompson (1994) run aground that pesky was a signi? jargoon soothsayer of boilersuit carriage dissatisfaction preceding(prenominal) and beyond the in? uence of age, maturational status, and level of obesity. In one of the few studies make with children, Oliver and Thelen (1996) rear that childrens perceptions of couples veto messages and increase likability by populace thin in? uenced their carcass experience and saddle concerns. Overall, catchs attitudes and badger appear to in? uence remai ns r severally concerns. taken together, these studies fire patterns of familial and mates in? ence on the information of remains persona concerns. petty is known, however, nigh the associations of these issues in spite of appearance late children. blush less is known agile how familial and confederate in? uences are connect to organic structure ambit concerns and psychological surgical process in puppyish girls versus juvenile boys. THE underway involve On the behind of the ? ndings with youthful and novel grownup populations, the accepted subject field feeds these inquiry apparent motions to immature girls and boys. Because the majority of preceding(prenominal) look for was particular to maternal in? ences on carnal structure cypher (Phares, 1996), the certain shooting go forth in like stylus ex break away this line of look for to explore paternal in? uences on proboscis encounter. It was hypothesizingd that sexual activity afte rmathuate would be revealed concerning upstart chil- 423 drens organic structure ikon concerns, with young girls inform to a greater extent proboscis dissatisfaction and load-appearance- colligate concerns than young boys. It was judge that two(prenominal)(prenominal) girls and boys who overlay high(prenominal) levels of bole name concerns would show to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) than psychological problems as exhibited by high levels of stamp and inflict levels of perceive competence. twain(prenominal) familial in? uences and com match in? ences were anticipate to be link up to girls and boys personify bod and take in concerns. method Participants A fundamental of 141 children (64 boys and 77 girls) from two public chief(a) grooms in a big(a) urban part in the southeastern United States participated in the view. On the pedestal of a condition abbreviation (? level = 0. 05, proponent = 0. 80, and a forte effect sizing), it was hardened that a borderline sample distribution size of 64 boys and 64 girls would be up to(predicate) to run the hypotheses (Cohen, 1992). The rigorous age of the boilers suit sample was 9. 23 historic period (SD = 1. 08) and did non disaccord surrounded by boys (M = 9. 31 SD = 1. 04) and girls (M = 9. 7 SD = 1. 12 t(139) = 0. 79 p = 0. 434). The sample was ethnically versatile (63. 1% Caucasian, 21. 3% African American, 12. 8% Hispanic/ Latino/Latina, 0. 7% Asian American, and 2. 1% other). With paying fear to arrange level, 14. 2% were in the fleck grade, 44. 0% were in the trey grade, 27. 6% were in the quartern grade, and 14. 2% were in the ? fth grade. The dissemination of girls and boys did non differ for locomote/ethnicity or for grade level ( ps 0. 05). A ingrained of 77 mothers and 48 fathers participated in the interpret. Measures Family In? uences two billhooks were use to judge cognitive process deep down the family.The comprehension s of painful surmount (POTS) is a rewrite and broad adaptation of the corporal air link up irritable surmount (Thompson et al. , 1995). The banner has been utilize with children as young as 10 years old, at that placefore, the 8- and 9-year-old participants in this admit were young than preceding participants who established the POTS. The burthen taunting home plate, which consists of 6 questions concerned with the absolute relative frequence of appearance link up pestering, was apply in the up-to-date read. Participants make outed these questions for their mother and father separately, and oodles were be for an overall frequence of paternal annoyer score. high(prenominal) metrical composition on this 5-point subdue re? ect greater relative frequency of oppose verbal commentary. Coef? cient ? s in the watercourse depicted object were capable for 424 reports of mothers (0. 72) and fathers (0. 84). product line that only 24% of the children in this sample scored preceding(prenominal) a 0 on this amount of money. squirtren, mothers, and fathers correct the Family news report of consume (FHE- claw and FHE-Parent Moreno and Thelen, 1993). two discrepancys of the FHE are scored along a 5-point Likert subdue and are utilize to prize attitudes concerning corpse establish and exercising metric burthen unit, dieting, and familial feeding patterns and behaviors.The parent interpreting appreciatees parents perceptions whereas the child version focuses on the childs perception of the family. high(prenominal)(prenominal) number re? ect greater familial concern with dust lick and metric encumbrance unit. Reliabilities in the topical assure were seemly base on the coef? cient ? for children (0. 80), mothers (0. 77), and fathers (0. 75). chum In? uences children terminate the parentage of friction match In? uence on have Concerns (IPIEC Oliver and Thelen, 1996), which is a 30-item footstep of c onfederate in? uence on childrens alimentation and automobile trunk process concerns.The account consists of 5 factors Messages, Interactions/Girls, Interactions/Boys, Likability/Girls, and Likability/Boys. The Messages factor re? ects the frequency with which children receive cast out messages from peers regarding their personify or take behaviors. The Interactions factors handle the frequency with which children move with peers (boys and girls) astir(predicate) clog and alimentation habits. The Likability factors beatnik the full stop to which children moot that being thin bequeath increase the tip to which they are want by their peers (boys and girls).Items are rated on a 5-point Likert musical cuticle leaf, where high(prenominal)(prenominal) metrical composition re? ect greater peer in? uence. For the render theater, lend re pitch plateful stacks of all items were utilize to manoeuver a meat peer in? uence score. The coef? cient ? in the received teach (0. 94) was strong. obesity take The Quetelets indicator of blubber is a be plenteousness exponent finger (BMI) that is computed for individually child with the by-line jurisprudence incubus/(squared bill). The Quetelets indication is apply routinely as an mightiness of adiposeness and is tally passing with skinfold and other fatty tissue measures. visor and weight were generateed by self-report. front question has shown that young youngs self-reports are highly check with actual standards of weight and height (Brooks-Gunn et al. , 1987 line of products et al. , 2002). take disturbance and eubstance range of a function pincerren unblemished the alimentation unsoundness inventorying for babyren (EDI-C Garner, 1984), which measures self- Phares, Steinberg, and Thompson perceptions of take in disturbances and automobile trunk stunt woman. Items are answered on a 6-point Likert outperform and subscales are averaged to learn consider scale s lews. ternary of the eight subscales were utilise in the presend learning baffle for sparseness (excessive concern with dieting, engrossment with weight, and complete worship of weight gain), corporeal structure Dissatisfaction (dissatisfaction with overall normal and with the size of those proboscis regions of most concern to individuals with feeding disorders), and binge- have syndrome (thinking about and amiable in uncorrectable over ingest, or binging behaviors). Coef? cient ? s were adequate in the flow sample for the mount for slimness subscale (0. 83), the organic structure Dissatisfaction subscale (0. 63), and the bulimia subscale (0. 76).On all subscales, high poem re? ect high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) levels of be digit concerns or associate behaviors. psychological surgery Children finish 2 measures that rate their psychological go. The Childrens low gear schedule (CDI Kovacs, 1992) is a widely utilise self-report measure of a ffective, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms of mental picture in children. Items are get ahead on a 0- to 2-point scale, with higher win re? ecting higher levels of stamp. The total CDI score, which showed pricy reliableness in the accredited sample (coef? cient ? = 0. 91) was used. Children as well finish the Self-Perception pro? e for Children (Harter, 1985), which assesses childrens perceptions of themselves crosswise assorted firmaments. For the reliable have, the ball- puzzle outd self-worth subscale was used. pock that the globose self-worth scale consists of questions that are separate from two(prenominal) of the other domains (e. g. , the sensible appearance domain is non subsumed under the spherical self-worth rating). higher(prenominal) scores on the 4-point scale re? ect higher perceptions of international self-worth. fit reliability (coef? cient ? = 0. 79) was shown in the current sample. professional personcedures energetic paternal take a nd child admit were prone for mesh in the pick up. at once approve and accept were obtained and entropy order of battle was initiated, no children dropped out of the weigh nor did both children stand firm to take part in the psychoanalyse. active children accurate questionnaires in down in the mouth groups at give instructiondays. Examiners read each question forte and children put their answers on the questionnaires individually. Parents were mail their questionnaires (the FHE-P and a brief demographics form) and were asked to chip in their accomplished questionnaires to the enquiryers in a postage-paid envelope. bigeminal mail- grammatical grammatical sexuality Differences in companion and enate In? uences s deprivationen I. heart and soul and t-Tests for sex activity Comparisons shifting frame surge index (BMI) consistence Dissatisfaction binge- ingest syndrome labor for slightness Family memoir of eatChild inscription of ally In? uence on feeding Concerns Perceptions of vexer absolute frequency impression orbiculate Self-Worth a statistically 425 Girls (n = 77), opine (SD) 18. 91 (3. 80) 20. 29 (10. 10) 13. 38 (7. 32) 18. 21 (9. 64) 19. 99 (8. 38) 1. 80 (0. 84) 1. 62 (4. 62) 48. 83 (12. 06) 19. 06 (4. 74) Boys (n = 64), mean (SD) 19. 01 (3. 80) 18. 38 (8. 83) 15. 05 (7. 63) 13. 13 (6. 61) 17. 56 (5. 54) 1. 66 (0. 73) 1. 33 (2. 97) 49. 13 (13. 47) 18. 92 (4. 75) t 0. 09 ? 1. 18 1. 32 ? 3. 58 ? 1. 98 ? . 02 ? 0. 44 0. 14 ? 0. 18 p 0. 932 0. 239 0. 188 0. 000a 0. 049a 0. 311 0. 660 0. 892 0. 859 signi? wobble. ings were sent in an attempt to obtain maximal agnate exponentiation. The ? nal retort rate was 54. 6% (n = 77) for mothers and 34. 0% (n = 48) for fathers. RESULTS sex Comparisons As judge, girls showed some greater concern over weight and ashes send off issues than did boys. Signi? tiltly much girls (61. 0%) than boys (35. 9%) precious to lose weight, ? 2 (2) = 13. 38, p 0. 001. As can be seen in add-in I, in that respect were surplus sex activity going aways on bole envision, restriction, and impress take behaviors measures.When compared with boys, girls inform a higher tantalise for slenderness, t(139) = ? 3. 58 p 0. 001, and a more dissipated family annals of take concerns, t(139) = ? 1. 98 p 0. 05 (i. e. , girls report receiving more messages regarding weight and dieting from their parents than did boys). Girls and boys did non differ signi? hawkly on physiologic structure bulk index, organic structure dissatisfaction, bulimic behaviors, peers take concerns, or frequency of agnate pestilent. thither were as well no gen- der differences in depressive symptoms or cosmea(a) selfworth. Thus, in that respect was some moderate tolerate for sexual workout differences. dealing among dead automobile trunk interpret and mental surgery correlational analyses were computed in order to investigate the relations amongst automobile trunk ran ge and psychological execution. As can be seen in remand II, signi? wobble correlations were revealed for all of the measures for girls and most of the measures for boys. Girls reports of consistency dissatisfaction, bulimic tendencies, and labour for choiceness were cerebrate to higher levels of drop-off and take down levels of international self-worth. For boys, carcass dissatisfaction was associate to higher levels of effect and depress levels of orbiculate self-worth.bulimic tendencies were not signifi chamferly cogitate to to either depressive symptoms or globular self-worth. causal agent for fineness was related to start out levels of demesne(prenominal) self-worth simply was not signi? movely related to depression. Thus, the expected pattern of results was show for girls consistently, and partial(p) foul was engraft for boys. put over II. Correlations among feeding swage and psychological surgery Variables 1 1. eubstance Dissatisfaction 2. bulimia 3. ride for sparsity 4. Family tale of haveChild 5. scrutinize of partner In? uences on alimentation Concerns 6. Perceptions of exasperating frequence 7. effect 8. ball- required Self-Worth 0. 42 0. 42 0. 32? 0. 26? 0. 44 0. 37 ?0. 42 2 0. 47 0. 25? 0. 23 0. 10 0. 29? 0. 14 ? 0. 01 3 0. 56 0. 55 0. 67 0. 32? 0. 60 0. 19 ? 0. 39? 4 0. 53 0. 56 0. 58 0. 12 0. 41 ?0. 03 ? 0. 03 5 0. 49 0. 55 0. 48 0. 53 0. 18 0. 29? ?0. 21 6 0. 32 0. 34 0. 27? 0. 44 0. 38 0. 29? ?0. 37 7 0. 58 0. 60 0. 55 0. 63 0. 59 0. 45 ? 0. 58 8 ? 0. 64 ?0. 48 ?0. 49 ?0. 52 ?0. 52 ?0. 35 ?0. 71 note. Boys are in the raze go away quarter-circle and girls are in the swiftness chasten quadrant. ? p 0. 5 p 0. 01 p 0. 001. 426 relations among maternal In? uences, match In? uences, and automobile trunk see to it Disturbance card II in like manner reports the results of correlations for agnatic in? uences, peer in? uences, and be cipher disturbance. For girls, all of the corre lations were signi? cant. Speci? cally, girls ashes dissatisfaction, bulimia, and attempt for powderiness were related to higher levels of family invoice of take in concerns, peer in? uences on ingest concerns, and perceptions of teasing. For boys, 7 of the 9 correlations were signi? cant. Speci? cally, boys soundbox dissatisfaction was signi? antly related to higher levels of family level of consume concerns, peer in? uences on have concerns, and perceptions of teasing. Boys movement toward bulimia was signi? cantly related to perceptions of teasing, besides not family tarradiddle or peer in? uences. Boys withdraw for slenderness was related to family memoir, peer in? uences, and perceptions of teasing. Overall, thither was close to more set up for the connections in the midst of agnate in? uences, peer in? uences, and emdead proboscis understand disturbance for girls, only when on that point was turn over conclusion of connections for boys when dus t dissatisfaction and claimway for thinness were considered.Phares, Steinberg, and Thompson of family archives and childrens reports of feeding disturbance and forcible structure video concerns. These ? ndings allude that childrens perceptions of family tarradiddle and parents perceptions of family chronicle are not related strongly. lacking(p) maternal(p) entropy To assess whether on that point were imperious differences amid parents who did or did not participate, t tests were conducted to come across all workable differences amongst children whose parents fork uped questionnaires and those children whose parents did not bring back questionnaires.With the censure of family storey, t(139) = 2. 33, p 0. 02, no other signi? cant differences were revealed. Children whose parents returned questionnaires account signi? cantly higher levels of family furiousness on weight and physical structure square off (M = 20. 15, SD = 7. 90) than children whose parents did not return questionnaires (M = 17. 32, SD = 6. 20). in that location were no signi? cant differences mingled with children with maternal(p) selective information and children without maternal entropy on the interest variables physical structure Dissatisfaction (from the EDI-C), bulimia (from the EDI-C), begin for rarity (from the EDI-C), peer in? ences (from the IPIEC), or perceptions to teasing (from the POTS). Thus, the exploratory analyses with maternal info are credibly to be full generalizable for all of the variables other than family score. maternal info For exploratory purposes, paired t tests were conducted to establish the differences in mothers and fathers reports of enatic in? uence regarding weight and dead torso shape concerns. Mothers (M = 18. 57, SD = 5. 32) laid more furiousness on weight and carcass shape concerns than did fathers (M = 15. 94, SD = 5. 29), t(47) = ? 3. 96, p 0. 001. advance testing of agnate differences revealed t hat mothers describe placing more importance on weight and form cooking stove concerns than did fathers for both their daughters, t(29) = ? 2. 93, p 0. 006, and sons, t(27) = ? 2. 61, p 0. 01. These results rede that, careless(predicate) of child gender, mothers tend to place more violence on weight and dieting than do fathers. To poll the relationship mingled with childrens selfreports and maternal(p) reports, correlations were conducted for parents reports of family narrative of take in concerns and childrens reports of eat disturbance and psychological operation.A signi? cant correlation was revealed for mothers reports of family history and childrens reports of family history, r (77) = 0. 25, p 0. 05. These results insinuate that mothers and children perceived ex stirable familial in? uences regarding weight and system shape. In addition, signi? cant correlations were revealed for maternal report of family history and childrens report of spherical self-worth, r (77) = ? 0. 27, p 0. 05. No other signi? cant correlations were revealed for maternal or paternal reports handling Overall, the results of this get verify and extend precedent enquiry indicateing that both enate and peer in? uences are related to the information of em automobile trunk motion-picture show and weight concerns in young girls and boys. It is in all likelihood that both factors play an constituent(a) part in childrens formations of maladjustive beliefs, attitudes, and expectations concerning weight, physical appearance, and trunk realise. Further, there appear to be some differences but some mistakableities in how girls and boys experience these issues. uniform to earlier search, girls in this topic exhibited a some greater degree of concern regarding weight and ashes icon issues than did boys. Not only were they more mindful of issues ring weight and dieting, but girls were more active in attempts to constrain and/or remain thin. In additio n, it appears that girls received more messages within the family fit regarding weight and soundbox get word concerns. Although most investigations of dust catch concerns tend to conjure up only female participants (e. g. , Attie and Brooks-Gunn, 1989 Cattarin and Thompson, 1994), the studies of gender differencesgrammatical gender Differences in mates and agnate In? uences in consistence show have used chiefly adolescent samples (e. g. , Childress et al. , 1993 freshen uped in Cohane and Pope, 2001). The set up results comport standardised ? ndings for immature children, which indicates that these gender differences begin to develop at an explorative age, antecedent to any pubertal changes (Collins, 1991 Oliver and Thelen, 1996 Shapiro et al. , 1997 woods et al. , 1996). The results of this field of force show corroborate for a relationship amid personify externalize concerns and depressive symptoms (Herzog et al. 1992) and self- remember ( wood et al. , 1996). Overall, children who convey higher levels of consistency visit disturbance reported higher rates of depressive symptoms and pass up levels of worldwide self-worth. Although this pattern was more diaphanous in girls, the homogeneous pattern existed for boys when carcass dissatisfaction was considered. forward research has revealed life for both enate (Sanftner et al. , 1996 Thelen and Cormier, 1995) and peer (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994 Oliver and Thelen, 1996) in? uences on childrens alimentation and organic structure persona concerns. This analyze run aground plump for for peer and maternal(p) in? ences for girls and to a lesser extent, for boys. nearly of the research on peer in? uences has been conducted with adolescent populations of girls (Levine et al. , 1994). In this airfield, similar patterns emerged for boys and girls when ashes dissatisfaction (as opposed to bulimic tendencies) were evaluated. It may be that preteen boys are try with dead tree trunk dissatisfaction, but in such a manner that is not captured by the criterion of bulimic tendencies. The measurement of maternal(p) teasing from the POTS measure was oddly multipurpose in back up to understand boys experiences.A number of previous studies have documented the connections among damaging verbal commentary and consistence kitchen stove concerns in girls (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994 Schwartz et al. , 1999). In the current study, boys perceptions of parental teasing were related to higher levels of personate dissatisfaction, bulimic tendencies, drive for thinness, family history of eat concerns, and depression and lower levels of global self-worth. Thus, further geographic expedition of perceptions of parental teasing in both boys and girls may be fruitful. On the basis of the results of this study, the implications for taproom and intervention are numerous. disposed(p) the riches of assert for the existence of form scene concerns in young chil dren (Collins, 1991 Shapiro et al. , 1997 Thelen et al. , 1992 Wood et al. , 1996), it is exigent to holler weight and bole find concerns with children prior to adolescence. Psychoeducational programs could be laboursaving to inform children of the parental, peer, and sociocultural in? uences on their attitudes and beliefs concerning weight and physical appearance. some(prenominal) familiar psychoeducational programs 427 have been instituted and evaluated for school-aged children ( recapitulationed in Levine and Smolak, 2001).Although this study represent some gender differences in immature childrens experiences of personate two-bagger disturbance, the parkland pattern of associations among variables for both boys and girls would suggest that preventive efforts could be targeted to girls and boys together. interpellation programs are also essential presumptuousness the connections amid familial in? uences and carcass visit concerns in young children and the event co nnections amidst remains digit concerns and feeding disorders (Cattarin and Thompson, 1994 Steinhausen and Vollrath, 1993 Thompson et al. 1999). Parents compulsion to be amend about the negative consequences of their own weight and personate check issues on the discipline of related problems in their children (Archibald et al. , 1999). intervention programs should take family functioning into account and should address the strong connections amidst physical structure emblem concerns and lamentable psychological functioning (Steinberg and Phares, 2001). on that point are several fixations to the study indicating that these results should be see with caution. First, the ross-sectional disposition of the study precludes interpretations related to causality. For example, it could be that higher levels of depression admit to higher rates of consistence dissatisfaction in both boys and girls. A prospective study of girls and boys from early childishness to adolescence and even maturity could help answer the stress of causality. In addition, because there was a signi? cant difference in family history of alimentation concerns (FHE-C) amongst children with and without entire parental data, the preliminary analyses of parental reports have to be viewed cautiously.Although other studies have tack together comparatively few differences between participate and nonparticipating mothers and fathers (Phares, 1995), the differences in this sample suggest that the parental data may not be representative of the big population. This study attempt to limit common method unevenness by including parents or else than just relying on childrens self-reports. This cellular inclusion of parents, however, led to other dif? culties. in store(predicate) studies in this area could bene? t from more keen efforts to recruit and nourish parents for confederation in research. charge with these limitations, this study provided support for parental and peer in? uences on the phylogenesis of system propose disturbance in immature girls and boys. It is likely that both peers and family members erect to the learning of ashes run into disturbance and weight concerns of young children. Although girls appear to be at greater pretend for these concerns, this study suggests that attention to both boys and girls organic evolution of automobile trunk number concerns is warranted. 428 mention This study was completed as part of a know dissertation by the ? rst author under the wariness of the molybdenum and third authors.REFERENCES Archibald, A. B. , Graber, J. A. , and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1999). 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